Secret Diagram

Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. It can be used as the PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register is readable and writable and is cleared on any device Reset.

The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16, selected by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>). 

The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period register, PR2.
Timer2 increments from 00h until it matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and writable register. The PR2 register is initialized to FFh upon Reset. 

The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit, TMR2IF (PIR1<1>)).
Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit, TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to minimize power consumption.

Prescaler and Postscaler - Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. Each allows to make additional division of the frequency clock source.
Prescaler divides the frequency clock source BEFORE the counting take place at the register TMR2, thus the counting inside the TMR2 register is performed based on the divided frequency clock source by the Prescaler.

Postscaler divides the frequency that comes out of the Comparator.

T2CON Register:

How to calculate the required values of the TIMER2:

/////////////////// comment this block if you are using 877///////////
     ansel=0;
     anselh=0;
     c1on_bit=0;
     c2on_bit=0;

This tutorial is about the interfacing of 4x3(4 rows & 3 columns) keypad with micro-controller using library routine of mikroc. Using these functions it is much easy to program. The basic technique is,  make the coloums as i/p and drive the rows making them o/p, this whole procedure of reading the keyboard is called scanning.

In order to detect which key is pressed from the matrix, we make row lines low one by one and read the coloums. Lets say we first make Row1 low, then read the columns. If any of the key in row1 is pressed will make the corrosponding column as low i.e if second key is pressed in Row1, then column2 will give low. So we come to know that key 2 of Row1 is pressed. This is how scanning is done.

So to scan the keypad completely, we need to make rows low one by one and read the columns. If any of the button is pressed in a row, it will take the corrosponding column to a low state which tells us that a key is pressed in that row. If button 1 of a row is pressed then Column 1 will become low, if button 2 then column2 and so on...

The above whole algorithm is in Keypad_Key_Click() function, we are going to use, ones we have key just compare it the ASCII value to get the right key.  

Lets write a program that display the pressed key and quantity (how many times the key is pressed), on LCD using mickroc routines.  

unsigned short kp, cnt, oldstate = 0;
char txt[4];

// Keypad module connections
char  keypadPort at PORTD;
// End Keypad module connections

// LCD module connections
sbit LCD_RS at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB3_bit;

sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB0_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB2_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB3_bit;
// End LCD module connections

void main() {
  cnt = 0;                                 // Reset counter
  Keypad_Init();                           // Initialize Keypad
 ///////////// comment for 877/////////////////////////////////////

  ANSEL  = 0;                              // Configure AN pins as digital I/O
  ANSELH = 0;
  c1on_bit=0;
  c2on_bit=0;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  Lcd_Init();                              // Initialize LCD
  Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);                     // Clear display
  Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);                // Cursor off

  Lcd_Out(1, 1, "Key Pressed :");                 // Write message text on LCD
  Lcd_Out(2, 1, "Times: ");

  do {
    kp = 0;                                // Reset key code variable

    // Wait for key to be pressed and released
    do
            kp = Keypad_Key_Click();             // Store key code in kp variable
    while (!kp);
   // Prepare value for output, transform key to it's ASCII value
    switch (kp) {

      case  1: kp = 49; break; // 1
      case  2: kp = 50; break; // 2
      case  3: kp = 51; break; // 3
      case  4:                              //  kp = 65; break; // A for 4x4 pad
      case  5: kp = 52; break; // 4
      case  6: kp = 53; break; // 5
      case  7: kp = 54; break; // 6
      case  8:                              //kp = 66; break; // B for 4x4 pad
      case  9: kp = 55; break; // 7
      case 10: kp = 56; break; // 8
      case 11: kp = 57; break; // 9
      case 12:                             //kp = 67; break; // C for 4x4 pad
      case 13: kp = 42; break; // *
      case 14: kp = 48; break; // 0
      case 15: kp = 35; break; // #
      //case 16: kp = 67; break; // D for 4x4 pad
    }

    if (kp != oldstate) {                  // Pressed key differs from previous
      cnt = 1;
      oldstate = kp;
      }
    else {                                 // Pressed key is same as previous
      cnt++;
      }

    Lcd_Chr(1, 15, kp);                    // Print key ASCII value on LCD


    byteToStr(cnt, txt);                   // Transform counter value to string
    Lcd_Out(2, 12, txt);                   // Display counter value on LCD
  } while (1);
}

First specify the keypad connections; same thing we did in last tutorial, and LCD connections. Then initialize the keypad routine by using Keypad_Init() function, initialize the lcd and display the appropriate messages. Now once the key is pressed and the value is store in kp, by using Keypad_Key_Click() function, we have to compare the key number to its ASCII code to get the right key. Switch(kp) is used for this purpose.

Once we get the right key we compare it with oldstate; if Pressed key differs from previous, assign the cnt with one and update the oldstate. And if the Pressed key is same as previous, cnt is incremented (to count the number of times this key is pressed).

After this we want to display the pressed key and number of times on LCD. To display ASCII value, kp, we use 'Lcd_Chr' function. On the other hand cnt is a short to display it we have to convert it into a string; 'byteToStr' function is do the job. It converts input byte to a string. The output string has fixed width of 4 characters including null character at the end. txt[4] is declared for this purpose. For the next key the whole steps are repeated.