Secret Diagram

In networks, the supremacy of coax cable is a thing of the past. Nowadays, Ethernet connections are made using UTP cables. The BNC plug has yielded to the 8-way RJ45 plug. Previously, coax cables were daisy-chained from computer to computer and terminated at the two ends using 50-_ resistors, but modern networks use central ‘socket boxes’ (switches and/or hubs) to interconnect everything. The connections between the hubs and the computers are made using patch cables having the same sequence of leads in the RJ45 connectors at each end. For making a direct connection between two computers without using a hub or switch, a ‘crossover cable’ is used.




Such a cable has the leads cross-linked in order to allow the two computers to directly communicate with each other. If there are problems with the network, it can be handy to be able to directly interconnect twocomputers, or directly connect a computer to a cable or ADSL modem without using a hub or switch. A long crossover cable is not always available, and shoving around computers is not an attractive alternative. Consequently, we can use a dual RJ45 wall outlet box to construct an adapter, which can be used to interconnect the two patch cables coming from the equipment in question. This outlet box must be wired to create a cross-linked connection. This is done by making the following internal connections:

Regulator Handles Two Input Voltages circuit in Fig 1 supplies both 3.3 and 5V to transitional circuits that employ both the new 3.3V and older 5V devices. Additionally, because the regulator accepts either 3.3 or 5V inputs, you could plug it into either a new 3.3V system or an old 5V system.The circuit consists of two sections: a dc/dc converter and a double-pole, double-throw (dpdt) switch. The dpdt switch comprises a pair of dual n-channel MOSFETs (Q2 and Q3) and their associated high-side drivers.

Upon power-up, the comparator in IC2 determines the state of the circuit. The comparator’s output, IC2 pin 6, goes to the input of the MOSFET driver, IC1. The driver internally generates a gatedrive voltage 8.8V above the device’s supply voltage. This high voltage drives the appropriate MOSFETs in Q2 and Q3.

IC2 is also the heart of a flying-capacitor, buck/boost dc/dc converter. Unlike other switching-regulator schemes, this topology needs no transformers. Transistor Q1 controls this section’s output voltage, VS. When VIN is at 5V, Q1 is off, forcing the section to operate as a step-down converter. In this mode, the section produces 3.3V, which goes to the output through Q3B. Also in this mode, 5V power goes directly through Q2A, and Q2B and Q3A are both off.

When VIN is 3.3V, IC1 turns on Q1, shorting out the 140-kΩ resistor and forcing the dc/dc-converter section into step-up mode. In this mode the converter section generates 5V at VS, powering the 5V output via Q2B. Also in this mode, 3.3V goes directly from the circuit’s input to the output via Q3A. Q2A and Q3B are both off.No-load quiescent current consumption is approximately 500 μA.

Lower-frequency converters would reduce power consumption at the expense of a larger inductor. The efficiency of the dc/dc-converter section is 73% in either mode. But because this power accounts for only half of the circuit’s output power, the circuit’s overall efficiency is approximately 80% with VIN=3.3V and 86% with VIN=5V.